title: After Being Seen, Do We Still Own Ourselves?

category: English essays

series: English essays

evidenceBoundary: 本文为基于影片与既有资料的研究阐释；历史版本中的判断不等于现实人物事实或已获外部审稿确认的结论。

editionNote: 本文为研究档案公开版，保留来源版本的论述与限制。公开时间：2026-09-07；不表示已完成同行评审。

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# After Being Seen, Do We Still Own Ourselves?

本文为研究档案公开版，保留来源版本的论述与限制。公开时间：2026-09-07；不表示已完成同行评审。

来源版本日期：2026-07-14

证据边界：本文为基于影片与既有资料的研究阐释；历史版本中的判断不等于现实人物事实或已获外部审稿确认的结论。

# After Being Seen, Do We Still Own Ourselves?

## *Human Surrender*, the Spectralization of the Living, and Afterlife Before Death

## Abstract

This essay proposes a reading of the Chinese experimental feature and performance film *Human Surrender* (*Shoot Self with You*) through hauntology and death studies. The film depicts neither ghosts, death, nor supernatural return in any conventional sense, and it does not organize itself around a plot that can be summarized in a few sentences. Instead, it behaves like a film about how people come to appear. Its figures do not exist first as complete subjects whom the camera subsequently records. They are gradually produced through light, orientation, rehearsal, camera, sensation, dream, audience, backstage space, lists of names, and silence.

For readers unfamiliar with the film, the essay first traces its overall movement. In the opening, the camera carries intimate speech beyond the relation between two people while figures are developed into view through lighting positions, orientation, and rotation. In Part Two, rehearsal ceases to prepare for a final performance and becomes a mechanism through which failure, deviation, interruption, and unfinished versions continually return. In Part Three, when language can no longer prove a relation, a bed, water, white light, bodies, glasses, a fan, dreams, and games become provisional witnesses. In Part Four, the presence of an audience means that spacing out, skipping, blankness, invisibility, and delegated speech no longer belong only to the individual. Parts Five and Six transfer the overheated front of the performance into a backstage sound field, the credits, logos, black screen, and silence, allowing the film to learn how to preserve without continuing to possess.

I argue that *Human Surrender* moves hauntology from the “return of the dead” toward the **spectralization of the living**. Its specter is not an invisible corpse but a person who remains alive, visible, and capable of speech while losing the ability to own, alone, the conditions of their appearance. Death, in turn, is no longer understood only as biological cessation. It also names a change in the format of existence. When a person’s voice, dream, blankness, silence, pain, and manner of ending are continually taken up by other people, materials, audiences, procedures, and records, that person has already entered a kind of afterlife before death. The film thus poses a wider contemporary question: after being seen, do we still own ourselves?

**Keywords:** *Human Surrender*; hauntology; death studies; visibility; performance; spectralization of the living; ethics of stopping

## Introduction: A Sentence Carried Away by the Camera

The opening of *Human Surrender* performs an almost cruel operation. A sentence that should, for a moment, have enclosed two people within an intimate relation is carried away from them by the camera. Someone says, “I love you,” but the film refuses to let the words settle inside love. The camera continues to rotate counterclockwise, drawing the room, lighting positions, a third person, the camera operator, and the film’s title into its movement. From the first moment, the spectator is made to understand that intimacy is not a sealed space here, and that a voice is not the speaker’s private property. The instant someone speaks, their words enter light, orientation, the lens, and the gaze of others.

This opening matters not because it establishes a reproducible plot but because it establishes a cinematic rule. A person does not exist first as a complete subject and then become recorded. The person is developed into view within a set of conditions. How does the light fall? How does the lens turn? Who is present? Who holds the camera? Who is pulled into the movement, and who appears a moment late? Conditions that narrative cinema ordinarily conceals become the film itself. *Human Surrender* does not hurry to tell us who these people are or what has happened to them. It asks first: how is a person permitted to appear? How is a sentence permitted to become someone’s sentence? When spectatorship is already present, can the subject still possess the appearance as wholly their own?

For most readers, *Human Surrender* will be an unfamiliar film. It resists secure placement within any single category: narrative feature, documentary, filmed theater, or experimental cinema. It contains relations but refuses to reduce them to psychological motivation. It contains performance but refuses to separate performance cleanly from reality. It contains an audience but does not treat that audience as a mere observer. It contains credits, logos, and silence but does not make preservation its final answer. More precisely, this is a film about how a live situation produces a person: someone emerges through orientation, veers away in rehearsal, seeks evidence through sensation, discovers in public that they cannot retreat into private possession, and is finally preserved—but also released from further possession—through backstage space, lists of names, and silence.

I will not, therefore, introduce *Human Surrender* simply as a “film about ghosts.” That description arrives too quickly and misleads us into looking for a recognizable spirit, apparition, or supernatural return. The film’s spectrality comes instead from the living. It does not ask how the dead return. It asks how living people, in the process of being seen, rehearsed, recorded, spoken for, thanked, named, and preserved, gradually lose the ability to own themselves alone. Its specter is not the invisible being but the person who remains unpossessable after an excess of visibility.

The central claim of this essay is that *Human Surrender* pushes hauntology from the return of the dead toward the spectralization of the living. Spectrality need not belong only to what follows death; it can name a mode of existence entered while one is still alive. A person remains alive, speaks, and is seen. They may still become silent, refuse, stare into space, skip something, hide, or allow another person to speak. Yet their voice, body, dream, blankness, pain, and mode of ending are continually taken up by other people, materials, audiences, procedures, cameras, and recording systems. The subject has not vanished, but can no longer serve as the sole custodian of the self.

This shift also requires death studies to move its boundary. Death should not be understood exclusively through biological cessation, the treatment of remains, funeral ritual, cemetery memory, or archival preservation. It may also be understood as a change in the format of existence. When a person’s words continue elsewhere, when a dream is played publicly, when blankness is spoken on someone’s behalf, when a wish for invisibility is preserved as an image, when an ending is prolonged by backstage sound and the silence of the credits, the subject has entered an afterlife before death. The importance of *Human Surrender* lies in its ability to enter death studies without a narrative of death and hauntology without an image of a ghost. It films afterlife before death from within visibility, rehearsal, sensation, public performance, and the conditions of recording.

The final question, then, is not whether the film contains a ghost. It lies closer to the contemporary politics of visibility: after being seen, does a person still own themselves? From its first sentence, *Human Surrender* refuses an optimistic answer. Being seen is not necessarily being understood. Being recorded is not necessarily being preserved. Being articulated is not necessarily being possessed. The specter is not an exception that appears after death. It is the ordinary shadow cast by the modern subject among light, cameras, other people, procedures, and archives.

## 1. The Opening Is Not an Introduction to Characters but an Apparatus of Development

It is easy to mistake the opening for atmosphere. Darkness, light, slowly emerging people, a rotating lens, and the appearance of the title may look to an unfamiliar viewer like a stylized entrance into experimental cinema. But the opening of *Human Surrender* does not simply add an aura of mystery to its figures. It behaves more like an apparatus of photographic development. The room comes first. The light comes first. The movement of the lens comes first. Only then do the figures surface from those conditions. We are not merely shown faces, bodies, and entrances. A less visible question has been opened: before someone becomes a figure, what must illuminate them, what position must receive them, and what mode of viewing must permit them to appear?

Conventional narrative cinema often assumes that the character is already there. We meet a character, then learn their desires, relations, and actions. *Human Surrender* delays this recognition from the outset. It does not rush to hand its figures over to the audience or supply them with psychological backgrounds. Space, light, and lens begin working first. The figures seem to be summoned by the room rather than to walk naturally out of an interior life. This distinction determines how the entire film must be watched. It is not enough to ask who appears. We must ask how appearance has been organized.

This is why the opening “I love you” cannot be treated simply as a declaration of love. It is certainly intimate speech, but the film does not allow it to complete a world for two. The camera neither stops for an answer nor encloses the sentence within a character’s psychology. Instead, it continues to turn, carrying the intimate words away from speaker and addressee while drawing a third person, the camera operator, the room, and the title into the same movement. Love does not disappear, but it loses its enclosure from the beginning. Orientation, light, camera, and an observing position open it up.

The opening therefore establishes a crucial rule of spectatorship. No sentence in this film can belong entirely to its speaker, and no intimacy can belong entirely to two people. Once a voice leaves the mouth, it enters space. Once a body is developed into view, it enters an orientation. Once a relation becomes visible, it enters the gaze of others. The subject is not something that first possesses itself and is subsequently influenced by the outside. From the moment of appearance, subject and external conditions are produced together.

This is the earliest form of what I call the spectralization of the living. There is no ghost, no death, and no overt supernatural event. Spectrality is nevertheless already present: position precedes body, spectatorship precedes selfhood, condition precedes character. A person is seen without thereby possessing their own appearance in full. A sentence is spoken without thereby belonging wholly to the speaker. Like a specter, the person begins to be summoned, distributed, and retained by conditions beyond the self.

From this perspective, the opening camera’s one-and-a-half rotations are not formal display but an ontological arrangement. Everything that follows must be understood through more than the question “What did this person do?” We must also ask which conditions made that action possible as an action. Part Two continues the problem through rehearsal: when an actor cannot perform successfully, has the actor failed, or has the situation begun to produce reality? Part Three carries it into sensation: when language cannot prove a relation, how do a bed, water, white light, dreams, and a fan become witnesses? Part Four carries it into public performance: when someone stares into space, skips, goes blank, or wishes to disappear, how do the audience, materials, and procedures take over? The opening compresses all these later questions into a primitive spatial operation: no one ever appears alone.

The first step of this essay is therefore not to define the figures but to acknowledge a more basic fact: in *Human Surrender*, appearance itself is the problem. People are not introduced but developed into view. They do not move from interiority toward the lens; they acquire provisional form within the joint arrangement of camera, light, orientation, other people, and space. From the beginning, the film forces us to rewrite “Who is this person?” as “Under what conditions does this person become visible?” This is the starting point of the film’s hauntological force.

## 2. Rehearsal Is Not Preparation but the Return of Unfinished Versions

If the opening develops people through orientation and light, Part Two brings them into rehearsal. Rehearsal is conventionally a form of preparation: actors experiment, directors adjust, and the event approaches a finished version. In *Human Surrender*, rehearsal does not lead toward a completed form cleared of error. It resembles a machine through which unfinished things continually return. A person enters a role and runs back out of it; enters the script and is pulled away by an everyday gesture, an incidental sound, or bodily hesitation; enters an intimate scene and is interrupted again by a door, equipment, system prompts, the reverse side of the camera, and an onlooker.

This gives rehearsal a spectral quality. Each failure does more than fail: it recalls an unfinished version. A misspoken line does not disappear completely, nor is a failed gesture wiped clean. They remain like afterimages behind the next attempt. When someone speaks again, the trace of the earlier failure to continue is still present. When a body moves again, its recent hesitation still affects the movement. When a scene tries to become more theatrical, the event pulls it back toward the reality occurring there. Rehearsal is not reset but accumulation. It lets unfinished things return again and again.

Part Two consequently converts “failure in performance” from a defect into cinematic material. An ordinary production would treat an actor’s inability to perform as a problem requiring correction. *Human Surrender* permits the problem to remain and deepen. Does the line belong to the character or the actor? Is the gesture required by the script or improvised by the body as an exit? Is the pause a forgotten line, a refusal, or the moment when the live situation suddenly exceeds what performance can bear? The film does not hurry to answer. It retains the vertigo in which figure, character, actor, and event can no longer be separated cleanly.

The camera is no longer a device that simply records rehearsal. It becomes entangled in rehearsal itself. When the lens faces forward, someone appears to be performing. When it touches the reverse side, the conditions of performance begin to appear. Who is looking? Who is filming? Who is being questioned? Who stood offscreen and then suddenly entered the relation? Such questions move rehearsal beyond the interior of a stage. Rehearsal drags its supposed exterior into the event: camera operator, observer, sound beyond the door, system prompt, and the gaps of the room may all become forces through which it continues.

Part Two thus extends the opening question while shifting it from how a person appears to how an action belongs to someone. The opening tells us that a person never appears alone. Rehearsal tells us that an action never belongs to the actor alone either. The performer wants the action to obey the role. The script wants the body to arrive at a prescribed position. The live situation repeatedly carries it elsewhere. Action is distributed among too many forces: character, actor, script, body, sound, camera, door, procedure, and the return of other people. The person continues to act, but the source of action has become impure.

This impurity is the film’s second movement toward hauntology. A specter need not be only the past returning to the present. It can also be a version that should have disappeared but did not. Failed versions, deviant versions, abandoned versions, and versions rejected only to return immediately wander through rehearsal. They are no longer waste left by the work; they become the work’s own shadow. The film does not travel from failure toward success. It lets failure change form until we recognize that completion may be no more than the temporary suppression of everything left unfinished.

This is why Part Two cannot be treated as a transitional passage. It does not merely bridge the opening and Parts Three and Four; it changes the nature of action for the entire film. Later, when language cannot prove a relation, sensation and material will take over. When someone spaces out, skips, or goes blank in public, the audience, procedures, and other voices will continue to process what occurs. After the performance is declared over, backstage space and silence will continue to bear its effects. Every later movement already has a prototype in rehearsal: what one person cannot finish, the event will continue on their behalf.

Rehearsal, then, is not preparation but generation. The film ceases to pursue a clean official version and lets every official version remain haunted by the unfinished. The person wants to perform well, while the film is more interested in how failure exposes the relation between person and event. The actor wants to enter a role, while the film is more interested in how body and reality tear the role open. The person wants the action to belong to them, while the film shows action being taken up jointly by many conditions. In the opening, people are developed through light and orientation. In rehearsal, they are overtaken by their own unfinished versions.

## 3. When Language Cannot Prove a Relation, Sensation Becomes the Witness

Part Two destabilizes the ownership of action. Part Three carries that instability into the relation itself. Someone says, “I’m here.” Someone says, “I love you.” Such words ought to prove that a relation exists. But if language has already been interrupted too many times by performance, rehearsal, camera, and event, is it still enough? If the other person still cannot feel that they have truly been seen, can language bear the burden of proof alone?

This section is easily misread as a dream sequence, an emotional interlude, or a chain of symbols. The bed appears to symbolize intimacy, water trauma, white light amnesia or blankness, and dream the unconscious. Such readings may capture something, but they translate the film into symbols too quickly. What is moving in Part Three is not what any single object represents. It is the film’s repeated substitution of one medium of testimony for another once language can no longer confirm a relation. The bed is not merely a bed, water not merely water, white light not merely light, and dream not merely dream. Each is compelled to answer the same question: what can prove that one person once existed in another person’s world?

The bed is called first. Few spaces seem to offer more immediate evidence of intimacy: proximity, reclining bodies, bodies side by side, lowered voices. Each appears to testify that a relation has been established. Yet the bed in *Human Surrender* offers no secure intimacy. Sound brings water into it, pressing words such as fish tank, swimming, falling into water, and not knowing how to swim against its surface. The bed ceases to be only a soft place and becomes a body of water without water. A person lies there as though placed inside a form of proof in which they cannot breathe. Intimacy has not disappeared, but it has become unreliable. The closer two people come, the more they resemble figures separated by glass; the more they are together, the more something else is required to prove that “being together” ever took place.

Light enters next. White light is neither a simple transition nor a dreamlike filter applied to intimacy. It acts more like a clearing operation. It drives what could just have been called bed, body, and room toward an overbright blankness in which both looking and proof become difficult. We usually trust light to disclose things. Here it can also dissolve their contours. Excessive brightness does not mean greater clarity. The film quietly refutes an optimistic account of visibility: not everything illuminated is understood, and not everything admitted into the light acquires evidentiary force.

When bed and light both fail to complete the proof, bodies and ordinary objects take over. Eating, breathing, heartbeat, shoes, clothes, trash, sink, blanket, temperature, exhaustion, a painful neck: these low and minor things repeatedly rise to the surface. They seem trivial, yet they pull the relation down from abstraction into body and matter. Love, memory, trauma, waiting, and rescue—if they cannot remain within language—must fall upon mouth, skin, eyes, posture, and object. Part Three draws feeling out of psychological depth and makes it bear the weight of everyday materials.

The act of looking is dismantled as well. Glasses, astigmatism, lighting, breath, and bodily adjustment make sight less a natural capacity than a process requiring conditions. Whether one person sees another does not depend only on whether their eyes are open. It depends on how the light falls, how the eyes lose focus, what the body can endure, whether breath keeps pace, and whether distance can be maintained. Part Three continually reminds us that seeing is not a straight road to understanding. Vision is itself fragile, adjustable, error-prone, and reorganized by body and environment.

Dream, too, leaves the private interior. A dream is usually understood as the most secret theater of the self, but the film lets sound, a fan, song, subtitles, and public space carry it away. Once narrated, translated, and played, the dream no longer belongs only to the dreamer. It becomes public material: audible and open to misunderstanding; usable as testimony and altered by new conditions of spectatorship. Interiority is no final refuge. Even a dream can leave the dreamer and enter the space between people.

Here lies the spectrality of Part Three. The specter is not a dead person who suddenly appears, but everything that cannot be proved securely and yet refuses to vanish. Did a relation occur? Was a person truly seen? Does a dream still belong to its dreamer? Did an act of intimacy reach the other person? None of these questions receives a final answer. They keep returning in new bodies: now a bed, now water, now white light, now glasses, now a fan, now a dream. Each return resolves nothing and instead calls for another witness.

Late in this part, proof begins to slide toward play. Searching, catching in the light, following, falling asleep, dying, and continuing the game introduce more dangerous rules into the relation. “Finding,” which seemed like rescue, may become capture. “Catching someone in the light,” which seemed like care, may become possession. “Go to sleep,” which seemed soothing, may approach abandonment. The film gives the spectator no easy distinction between care and control, search and pursuit, accompaniment and detention. It allows these acts to contaminate one another until the form of intimacy itself begins to fail.

This explains why Part Three must follow rehearsal. Part Two has already shown that the source of an action is impure. Part Three shows that the evidence of a relation is impure as well. A person cannot prove their presence by speech alone, nor their arrival in another person’s world by proximity alone. Once the relation passes through bed, water, light, body, dream, and game, those media change it. They are not neutral containers; they redistribute the forces within a relation. When language fails, sensation takes over. Sensation does not guarantee that the relation will be recovered. It merely lets the relation continue in a different and less stable form.

Part Three is therefore neither a passage from reality into dream nor from narrative into symbol. It is a slow failure of evidence. Each witness is summoned, and each can testify only provisionally. The bed cannot prove completely. Neither can light, body, dream, or game. Precisely because none can finish the proof, they appear one after another in a relay of sensation. The spectralization of the living has reached another stage. A person no longer fails only to own their appearance and action in full. They also begin to lose exclusive possession of their relations, dreams, and manner of being seen.

## 4. Making It Public Does Not Make It Clear: The Living Can No Longer Retreat into Themselves

Part Three asks bed, water, white light, body, dream, and game to testify to an unstable relation. Part Four pushes those relations into a public performance. There is an audience, a performance space, materials, lights, microphones, an ongoing sound field, and language repeatedly proposed, interrupted, and carried away. Everything appears finally to have been brought into the open. But *Human Surrender* never assumes that the open is where truth becomes clear. Being made public means something else: whatever might once have retreated into interiority, into the relation between two people, or behind performance has now lost its route of withdrawal.

The decisive change in Part Four is not simply the appearance of an audience. It is the way that presence alters the ownership of every state. Someone who spaces out no longer takes a momentary leave that belongs only to them. Silence is no longer merely an absence of speech. Saying “skip it” no longer simply deletes part of a performance. Wishing to become invisible no longer means leaving the field of vision. The public event behaves like a seamless container. It will not allow a state to stop naturally, but processes every pause, refusal, and blank into a next step. Public exposure does not illuminate truth; it abolishes the privacy of interruption.

Spacing out is a small and incisive example. In ordinary life, it can be an innocuous withdrawal. A person temporarily leaves language, explanation, and social obligation, returning to a blank place they may not be able to explain even to themselves. In public performance, however, spacing out can be watched. It occupies the audience’s time and invites another question. It ceases to be merely an inward condition and becomes a public event. It no longer belongs to the person who has withdrawn. Other people name it, wait for it, urge it onward, interpret it, and even make it answerable to the question of what “everyone” is supposed to be watching.

The same holds for skipping. To skip ordinarily means omission: this need not occur, can be cut, can withdraw from present time. Part Four does not let the skip succeed so easily. Language can say “skip,” while the body remains. A performance can claim that something has already been performed, while the space still requires the person to move. A passage can be declared unnecessary, while the audience has already heard the declaration of its irrelevance. What was skipped has not vanished. It becomes a debt. It no longer occurs in its first form but returns as bodily hesitation, spatial waiting, and the residue of the event.

Blankness intensifies this public pressure. Someone says that their mind has gone blank. The declaration seems to mark the end of language: I stop here. In Part Four, blankness cannot become an endpoint. It is heard and received. Someone may ask whether help is needed to say what cannot be said. Blankness moves from an interior state to an interface. It is no longer simply the absence of content but a site that another person can approach, manage, and propel forward. The most frightening prospect is not that someone loses their voice, but that the voice may bypass them and continue through somebody else.

The wish for invisibility cannot be fulfilled simply either. A person who asks not to be seen appears to request withdrawal: do not illuminate me again, do not interpret me again, do not place me before the audience again. Yet the event preserves that very withdrawal. White fabric, lighting, spectators, camera, subtitles, and spatial position transform the wish not to be seen into something visible. Invisibility does not become disappearance. It becomes a publicly preserved posture. The stronger the wish to leave spectatorship, the more clearly the shape of leaving remains within the image.

Public exposure in Part Four is therefore not transparency but a change in ownership. Interiority no longer belongs only to the inner self; body no longer belongs only to body; silence no longer belongs only to the silent person; refusal no longer belongs only to the person who refuses. The event catches each state, other people continue it, materials support it, and audience time prolongs it. No single controller need be imagined. More precisely, the public event itself distributes the authority to organize what happens. A person continues to speak, but speech is not entirely theirs to decide. They continue to remain silent, but cannot preserve silence alone. They continue to act, but do not fully control where the action ends.

This is the most forceful moment in *Human Surrender*’s spectralization of the living. The specter is not an invisible entity. It is a person who remains visible, present, capable of speech and movement, yet begins to lose the ability to retreat into ownership of the self. The living person has not disappeared, but seems already to have entered an afterlife. Their spacing out is watched by others; their blankness is taken up by others; their skip is retained by the event; their wish for invisibility is preserved by the image; their ending will be processed further by backstage space and credits. The subject remains there, but the subject’s boundary has split.

This is also why Part Four should not be reduced to a public performance spinning out of control. Loss of control is only the surface. The deeper structure is that public conditions convert everything that might have ended the event into continuation. Spacing out cannot stop it. Neither can skipping, blankness, invisibility, or even the declaration that the performance is over. Public performance becomes a machine in which stopping ceases to function. It pushes the games of capture, sensory proofs, and failed intimacies from Part Three before an audience, preventing the spectator from occupying a stable position outside them.

An ethical boundary must be preserved here. To say that a living person cannot retreat into the self is not to make their pain, silence, or blankness available for unlimited interpretation. On the contrary, what makes Part Four so disturbing is its disclosure of the danger in looking. Seeing is not understanding. Public exposure is not ownership. Recording is not rescue. The film brings these states before us not so we can possess them but so we must acknowledge a danger: once interiority, body, and refusal enter public conditions, they may be continued by others, and that continuation itself requires scrutiny.

Part Four therefore places the film’s question under maximum pressure. In the opening, the person does not appear alone. In rehearsal, action does not belong to the actor alone. In Part Three, a relation cannot be proved by language alone. In public performance, a person cannot fully keep even their own pauses, blankness, and wish for invisibility. After being seen, can someone still own themselves? Part Four offers no answer, only a pressure that cannot be avoided: visibility does not automatically confer recognition. It may instead deprive the subject more completely of any way back.

## 5. From the Backstage Sound Field to Silence: How Cinema Learns to Stop

Part Four presses people into the position from which departure is most difficult. Spacing out, skipping, blankness, invisibility, and delegated speech can no longer be treated as minor states sealed within a person. The audience hears them, space receives them, and the event continues them. The film might have increased the pressure: further exposure, further interrogation, every pause converted into another performance. *Human Surrender* does not. At the moment when it could most easily continue to extract, it begins to turn away.

The turn is decisive. It is neither evasion nor an abrupt transition into conventional credits. Once the public performance recedes, the film does not immediately become quiet. It changes the place from which events occur. Sound remains. The screen remains. Backstage activity remains. Music remains. Voices that emerge after the closing announcement remain. Earlier, we saw people being pushed before others. Now we begin to hear how the event that placed them there continues to operate after the front of the performance has withdrawn.

Backstage space is therefore neither outtake nor appendix, nor material designed to let the audience relax. It is another front of the film. It reminds us that the public event was never limited to the illuminated area onstage. A performance depends on sound, equipment, screen, music, waiting, coordination, announcements, and many people who do not occupy the center of the visible image. Part Four prevents the figures from retreating into themselves. Part Five prevents the event from pretending that it was merely a background.

This shift changes the meaning of ending. A performance can be declared over, but the sound of its ending does not end at once. Corrections continue. People still speak. The soundtrack spills over. The event propels what just happened forward by other means. The ending is no longer a closed door but something like an air vent: the heat of the front stage drains through it as backstage voices rise. The film does not make an ending into a clean period. It makes it a transition.

Spectrality now changes location. In the earlier sections, it came from position preceding person, unfinished versions returning through rehearsal, sensations taking over after language failed, and living people losing the route back to private ownership in public. Here, spectrality no longer adheres only to the person. It begins to adhere to the event itself. The performance is over, but the conditions it leaves behind continue to speak. The front stage withdraws, while the organization behind it develops into view. The word “over” has been spoken, but uncontained echoes trail behind it.

If Part Four makes stopping fail, Part Five begins to relearn how to stop. The film no longer hands everything back to public performance for further escalation. It moves from an insistent gaze toward listening, from frontal performance toward a backstage sound field, from the exposure of figures toward the development of conditions. The gesture is restrained and crucial. The film acknowledges that the event has not truly ended, but no longer requires the figures to remain responsible for everything unfinished.

The lists, roles, locations, acknowledgments, logos, black screen, and silence that follow belong within this movement. They are neither the paper’s protagonists nor an archival answer capable of explaining everything. They are the film’s last act of arranging the event: who appeared, who performed labor, where it took place, which relations sustained the film, and which spectators formed part of the audience that night. A list is not a method for possessing people. It returns what can be written to a provisional place.

This is why thanking the audience is not a simple gesture. The spectators are neither external observers nor people whom the film crudely designates as responsible for what occurred. They are, more accurately, one condition under which the event took form. Without an audience, the public pressure of Part Four would not arise in the same way. Without an audience, the continuing backstage voices and their eventual recession would not carry the same weight. To thank the audience is not to recruit it into a conclusion, but to acknowledge that it was present.

The final black screen and silence push this acknowledgment toward its limit. Blackness is not erasure, and silence is not nothing. They reduce the demand: illuminate no more, extract no more, do not force figures, voices, spectators, and interpretations to continue producing. The film writes what can be written, thanks whom it can thank, leaves the marks it can leave, and lets sound recede to a place from which it can no longer interrogate a person.

Here *Human Surrender* makes its most suggestive contribution to death studies. Death appears not only when life ceases, but when the format of existence changes. A person remains alive while being jointly preserved, continued, and distributed by position, rehearsal, sensation, audience, backstage space, and lists. An event has ended while acquiring an afterlife in sounds, names, places, acknowledgments, and silence. What matters most is that the film does not interpret afterlife as unlimited possession. It knows that leaving something behind is not the same as extracting more from it; preservation is not exhaustive explanation; gratitude is not the completion of another person’s sentence.

The film’s true ending, then, does not explain the event completely. It knows when to stop possessing. It lets us see how the living become spectral within visibility and how a film may assume an ethical responsibility after participating in that spectralization: not by casting more light, asking another question, or converting another person’s blankness into material, but by acknowledging at last that some things must remain and must not be taken away.

## 6. Where Hauntology Enters: Not the Return of the Dead but the Living Person’s Loss of Complete Self-Possession

Only now can hauntology properly enter the essay. Not because we have located an image that resembles a ghost, nor because the film ends with names, darkness, and silence, but because the film has shown us something more fundamental. A person need not die in order to begin existing spectrally. Once they can no longer possess alone their appearance, speech, silence, dreams, blankness, ending, and mode of preservation, they have entered a spectral condition before death.

The ghost is commonly imagined as a dead person who returns, a past that refuses to leave the present, or an unsettled history that repeatedly assumes the form of a shadow. Hauntology matters because it refuses to treat the past as completed. Pasts return. Unfinished events return. Suppressed voices return. What has not been mourned returns. *Human Surrender* moves the problem one step earlier. If a specter is not only a form taken by the dead but also a state of existence that can no longer be possessed in full, then the living, too, can become spectral.

The specters in this film are not primarily invisible. On the contrary, they are often too visible. People are caught in light, reached by the rotating lens, pushed forward by rehearsal, tested through sensation, awaited by an audience, continued backstage, and written into the credits. The problem is not that someone disappears. It is that, after appearing, appearance no longer belongs completely to the person. Visibility does not securely return the subject to itself. It hands the subject to a system of conditions: position, light, script, body, voice, material, spectators, backstage space, and memory.

The **spectralization of the living** does not mean that the film’s figures resemble ghosts, nor does it aestheticize their pain. The term names a split in ownership. The person remains, but “how I appear” is jointly organized by other things. The person continues to speak, while the ownership of speech grows uncertain. The person remains silent, while others hear, interpret, await, or take up that silence. The person tries to depart, while the image may preserve the posture of departure. The specter does not lack a body. The body remains, but can no longer guarantee that the subject owns every meaning it produces.

Across the film, this process never happens all at once. In the opening, a person emerges through orientation, light, and the rotation of the lens; appearance already comes from more than the self. In rehearsal, unfinished versions return repeatedly like unsettled pasts that cling to the present. In Part Three, language fails to prove the relation and sensations and objects begin to testify in its place; bed, water, white light, glasses, a fan, and dream externalize interiority. In Part Four, public performance deprives spacing out, skipping, blankness, and invisibility of any private route of retreat. In Parts Five and Six, the event leaves the front stage and continues as backstage voices, names, locations, acknowledgments, logos, and silence.

These stages demonstrate that spectralization is not the spectacle of one scene but the film’s total movement. It is not because the film finally produces an archive that ghosts appear. From its first minute, the person’s appearance already belongs to a system larger than the subject. The ending only cools, arranges, and quiets this movement. Spectrality has long been occurring through the orientation of the opening, the failures of rehearsal, sensory proof, public pressure, and backstage echoes.

This reading also changes the meaning of “surrender.” Here, surrender is neither defeat nor weakness nor submission to a particular person or institution. It is an epistemological act: the subject stops pretending to own itself completely. A person cannot wholly own their voice, because once released it enters other people’s ears. They cannot wholly own their body, because once placed within an event it is reorganized by light, space, and audience. They cannot wholly own a dream, because once narrated, translated, and played it has left the dreamer. They cannot wholly own an ending, because backstage sound, credits, acknowledgments, and silence continue to process the traces that follow.

This does not mean that the subject has been abolished. We should avoid the interpretation—both too pessimistic and too simple—that being watched, recorded, or taken up by others can only be deprivation. The film is more complex. Visibility brings risk, but it is also a condition of relation. Recording can possess, but it can also preserve an event that would otherwise disperse. Speaking for another person can be dangerous, but the approach of another can also support a fragile continuation where language has failed. The question is not whether visibility is good or evil. It is whether an ethics exists after visibility.

The ethics of *Human Surrender* lies in its capacity to reveal both the danger of possession and the possibility of ceasing to possess. It does not turn the spectralization of the living into an object theory can explain exhaustively. While position, material, audience, and backstage space repeatedly carry the subject elsewhere, the film also learns at the end to lower its voice. It recognizes that it has already preserved too much, and that further illumination is not deeper understanding. It writes what can be written, offers the acknowledgments it can offer, and gives what cannot be completed to black screen and silence.

Hauntology and death studies meet here. Death need not name only the cessation of biological life. It can name a change in the format of existence. A person remains alive, but their voice has become someone else’s memory, their silence an audience’s waiting, their blankness an entrance for another person’s approach, their dream material for public playback, and their name and labor traces in the credits. Life has not ended, but survives in another form beyond the subject.

This is **afterlife before death**. The phrase neither turns the living into the dead nor exaggerates the film’s events into scenes of death. It names a condition of modern visibility in which subjects begin, before biological death, to exist as residues, traces, recordings, offscreen voices, delegated speech, audience memory, and archival marks. The person has not died, but part of them has left the self and entered a world in which others can watch, preserve, misunderstand, replay, and continue to interpret it.

The film’s significance consequently exceeds film studies. Contemporary life increasingly equates being seen with recognition, being recorded with preservation, being expressed with being understood, and leaving a trace with avoiding disappearance. *Human Surrender* does not reject these desires entirely. It compels us to attach a question to each of them. Who sees? Who records? Who expresses whom? Who has the right to continue interpreting? Who knows when to stop? The film offers not an iconography of ghosts but an ethical philosophy of contemporary visibility.

Hauntology, as used here, is therefore not a label imposed upon *Human Surrender* from outside. It is a mode of viewing that the film gradually teaches. The opening teaches us to see the conditions of appearance. Rehearsal teaches us to hear unfinished versions return. The sensory passages teach us to understand a crisis of proof. Public performance teaches us to acknowledge that living people cannot simply retreat into private possession. Backstage sound and silence teach us that the ethics of cinema lies not only in illuminating a person, but in knowing that the illuminated person remains unpossessable.

We can now reformulate the paper’s central question. After being seen, can a person still own themselves? The answer offered by *Human Surrender* is neither a simple no nor a romantic fantasy of recovering complete sovereignty. More precisely, a person never owned the self completely. For that very reason, looking, recording, performance, commemoration, and scholarship must learn a more restrained responsibility. Hauntology here concerns not only how the dead return, but how the living can remain untaken after they have been seen.

## Conclusion: After Being Seen, the Living Still Must Not Be Taken Away

We can return now to the sentence at the film’s beginning. Someone says, “I love you,” but the lens does not stop to build a room that belongs to two people alone. It continues to rotate, drawing light, orientation, a third person, the camera operator, and the title into its movement. We can now recognize that this is not simply a stylistic decision. It is the film’s philosophical point of departure. From its first instant, *Human Surrender* tells us that no intimacy, voice, or appearance issues alone from a perfectly self-sufficient subject.

This does not mean that intimacy is false, or that the speaker is insincere. The film’s sharper insight is to place sincerity within conditions. A person may speak sincerely, but as soon as the voice leaves the mouth it enters other people’s ears, the camera’s movement, spatial orientation, and the memory of every later spectator. A person may be sincerely silent, but once that silence is seen, it too may be awaited, interpreted, preserved, or misread. It is not because the person is false that they lose complete sovereignty over the self. It is precisely when something truly happens that they discover themselves within an event larger than the self.

*Human Surrender* therefore cannot be summarized as a narrative feature or reduced to a film about credits, archives, and backstage material. It unfolds a movement of existence: how a person appears, rehearses, fails, seeks evidence, becomes public, leaves an echo backstage, and is finally preserved without being completely explained through lists, logos, black screen, and silence. Its story does occur, but in places usually hidden by story: in how light makes a person appear, rehearsal makes failure return, sensation testifies in place of language, an audience changes the ownership of a state, backstage space prolongs an ending, and silence prevents further extraction.

This is the film’s contribution to hauntology. It does not merely supply hauntology with a new example; it forces hauntology to change direction. A specter is not only a past that returns after death. It can be someone alive, visible, and speaking who can no longer possess alone the way they appear. The spectralization of the living is not the conversion of people into ghosts. It is the splitting of the subject’s ownership: my body remains, but the meanings it produces are not entirely mine; my voice remains, but another person can take it up; my dream remains, but it can be played publicly; my blankness remains, but it can become an entrance for approach and delegated speech; my ending has been declared, but backstage sound and credits continue it.

Death studies moves with this insight. Death does not happen only when life ends. It also happens where the format of existence changes. When a person remains alive but exists beyond the self as trace, echo, name, acknowledgment, audience memory, subtitle, offscreen voice, and silence, that person has already entered an afterlife before death. This afterlife is not death and must not be romanticized. It is closer to an ordinary condition of modern visibility. The more we are recorded, preserved, and retold by others, the more urgently we must ask: after preservation, who owns the traces?

“Surrender,” then, is not a posture of failure but a more difficult knowledge. It does not ask the subject to relinquish dignity, nor claim that a person can only be swallowed by conditions. It asks the subject to relinquish one fantasy: that voice, body, dream, silence, pain, and ending can be owned completely. Surrender does not mean submission to oppression. It means ceasing to pretend that “I” can compose “I” alone. Only after this pretense has been suspended can the film open a new ethical question: if no person is entirely self-owned, how should spectators, recorders, scholars, and cinema itself treat the person who is not entirely self-owned?

The answer of *Human Surrender* is not to stop looking. Nor does the film ask us to reject recording, performance, or preservation. It is more lucid than that. Without looking, many relations cannot occur. Without records, many fragile events will disperse. Without another person taking something up, many failures of language will receive no support. The problem is not seeing but whether seeing turns immediately into possession; not preservation but whether preservation pretends it has understood; not scholarship but whether scholarship knows that some things remain beyond its power to take.

This is the **ethics of stopping**. The film illuminates people without treating illumination as ownership. It develops blankness into view without filling it. It places an audience within the event without making the audience the final judge. It records names, locations, labor, and thanks without pretending the list exhausts what happened. It leaves black screen and silence not because nothing remains to be said, but because continued speech may become another demand. The film’s deepest tenderness is not consolation. It is the final acknowledgment that some things can be seen and still must not be taken.

This also explains why *Human Surrender*, however unfamiliar, is not remote. Its concern is not a minor problem confined to experimental cinema. It is an increasingly ordinary condition of contemporary life. We are filmed, transcribed, archived, screenshotted, preserved, and interpreted; we also turn other people’s speech, expressions, silences, and pain into material that circulates. Modern subjects no longer fear only being forgotten. They must also fear being misrecognized through preservation. Hauntology enters the contemporary not through an ancient ghost but through the living person made excessively visible.

The paper’s final proposition is therefore not that *Human Surrender* contains ghosts, but that the film teaches us to understand the specter differently. Spectrality is not a privilege of absence, nor a form reserved for the dead. The specter can be someone who has been seen, heard, recorded, thanked, named, and preserved, yet still has not been possessed. The specter reminds us that acknowledging a person does not mean explaining them completely; preserving an event does not make it ours; seeing a living person does not grant the right to carry that person away.

The opening “I love you,” carried away by the camera, acquires a different weight at the end. It is no longer merely a moment when intimacy is interrupted. It is the first form of the film’s entire problem: I speak words that belong to me, but once spoken they no longer belong only to me. The film does not reject love on that account. It makes love bear its actual risk. Love, looking, recording, scholarship, and remembrance are alike in this respect: only by acknowledging what cannot be possessed might they avoid becoming another form of seizure.

This is the unsettling and necessary proposition that *Human Surrender* leaves to hauntology and death studies: living people do not become spectral only after death. Once visibility prevents them from possessing themselves in full, they have already entered an afterlife before death. This is not a counsel of despair. It calls at once for a better way of looking, a slower interpretation, and a form of preservation that knows when to stop. After being seen, we may no longer own ourselves completely. For precisely that reason, no one else may take us away.

## Evidence Boundary

This paper is a theoretical interpretation of observable formal relations in *Human Surrender*: camera movement, lighting, rehearsal, dialogue, sensory motifs, public performance, backstage sound, credits, and silence. It does not infer the participants’ private psychology, off-screen relationships, consent, harm, or production responsibility from those forms. “Spectralization of the living” names an analytic condition of visibility and mediation, not a clinical, biographical, or supernatural claim.

headingPath: After Being Seen, Do We Still Own Ourselves?

text: After Being Seen, Do We Still Own Ourselves?

headingPath: Human Surrender , the Spectralization of the Living, and Afterlife Before Death

text: Human Surrender , the Spectralization of the Living, and Afterlife Before Death

text: Abstract

text: This essay proposes a reading of the Chinese experimental feature and performance film Human Surrender ( Shoot Self with You ) through hauntology and death studies. The film depicts neither ghosts, death, nor supernatural return in any conventional sense, and it does not organize itself around a plot that can be summarized in a few sentences. Instead, it behaves like a film about how people come to appear. Its figures do not exist first as complete subjects whom the camera subsequently records. They are gradually produced through light, orientation, rehearsal, camera, sensation, dream, audience, backstage space, lists of names, and silence.

text: I argue that Human Surrender moves hauntology from the “return of the dead” toward the spectralization of the living . Its specter is not an invisible corpse but a person who remains alive, visible, and capable of speech while losing the ability to own, alone, the conditions of their appearance. Death, in turn, is no longer understood only as biological cessation. It also names a change in the format of existence. When a person’s voice, dream, blankness, silence, pain, and manner of ending are continually taken up by other people, materials, audiences, procedures, and records, that person has already entered a kind of afterlife before death. The film thus poses a wider contemporary question: after being seen, do we still own ourselves?

text: Keywords: Human Surrender ; hauntology; death studies; visibility; performance; spectralization of the living; ethics of stopping

headingPath: Introduction: A Sentence Carried Away by the Camera

text: Introduction: A Sentence Carried Away by the Camera

text: The opening of Human Surrender performs an almost cruel operation. A sentence that should, for a moment, have enclosed two people within an intimate relation is carried away from them by the camera. Someone says, “I love you,” but the film refuses to let the words settle inside love. The camera continues to rotate counterclockwise, drawing the room, lighting positions, a third person, the camera operator, and the film’s title into its movement. From the first moment, the spectator is made to understand that intimacy is not a sealed space here, and that a voice is not the speaker’s private property. The instant someone speaks, their words enter light, orientation, the lens, and the gaze of others.

text: This opening matters not because it establishes a reproducible plot but because it establishes a cinematic rule. A person does not exist first as a complete subject and then become recorded. The person is developed into view within a set of conditions. How does the light fall? How does the lens turn? Who is present? Who holds the camera? Who is pulled into the movement, and who appears a moment late? Conditions that narrative cinema ordinarily conceals become the film itself. Human Surrender does not hurry to tell us who these people are or what has happened to them. It asks first: how is a person permitted to appear? How is a sentence permitted to become someone’s sentence? When spectatorship is already present, can the subject still possess the appearance as wholly their own?

text: For most readers, Human Surrender will be an unfamiliar film. It resists secure placement within any single category: narrative feature, documentary, filmed theater, or experimental cinema. It contains relations but refuses to reduce them to psychological motivation. It contains performance but refuses to separate performance cleanly from reality. It contains an audience but does not treat that audience as a mere observer. It contains credits, logos, and silence but does not make preservation its final answer. More precisely, this is a film about how a live situation produces a person: someone emerges through orientation, veers away in rehearsal, seeks evidence through sensation, discovers in public that they cannot retreat into private possession, and is finally preserved—but also released from further possession—through backstage space, lists of names, and silence.

text: I will not, therefore, introduce Human Surrender simply as a “film about ghosts.” That description arrives too quickly and misleads us into looking for a recognizable spirit, apparition, or supernatural return. The film’s spectrality comes instead from the living. It does not ask how the dead return. It asks how living people, in the process of being seen, rehearsed, recorded, spoken for, thanked, named, and preserved, gradually lose the ability to own themselves alone. Its specter is not the invisible being but the person who remains unpossessable after an excess of visibility.

text: The central claim of this essay is that Human Surrender pushes hauntology from the return of the dead toward the spectralization of the living. Spectrality need not belong only to what follows death; it can name a mode of existence entered while one is still alive. A person remains alive, speaks, and is seen. They may still become silent, refuse, stare into space, skip something, hide, or allow another person to speak. Yet their voice, body, dream, blankness, pain, and mode of ending are continually taken up by other people, materials, audiences, procedures, cameras, and recording systems. The subject has not vanished, but can no longer serve as the sole custodian of the self.

text: This shift also requires death studies to move its boundary. Death should not be understood exclusively through biological cessation, the treatment of remains, funeral ritual, cemetery memory, or archival preservation. It may also be understood as a change in the format of existence. When a person’s words continue elsewhere, when a dream is played publicly, when blankness is spoken on someone’s behalf, when a wish for invisibility is preserved as an image, when an ending is prolonged by backstage sound and the silence of the credits, the subject has entered an afterlife before death. The importance of Human Surrender lies in its ability to enter death studies without a narrative of death and hauntology without an image of a ghost. It films afterlife before death from within visibility, rehearsal, sensation, public performance, and the conditions of recording.

text: The final question, then, is not whether the film contains a ghost. It lies closer to the contemporary politics of visibility: after being seen, does a person still own themselves? From its first sentence, Human Surrender refuses an optimistic answer. Being seen is not necessarily being understood. Being recorded is not necessarily being preserved. Being articulated is not necessarily being possessed. The specter is not an exception that appears after death. It is the ordinary shadow cast by the modern subject among light, cameras, other people, procedures, and archives.

headingPath: 1. The Opening Is Not an Introduction to Characters but an Apparatus of Development

text: 1. The Opening Is Not an Introduction to Characters but an Apparatus of Development

text: It is easy to mistake the opening for atmosphere. Darkness, light, slowly emerging people, a rotating lens, and the appearance of the title may look to an unfamiliar viewer like a stylized entrance into experimental cinema. But the opening of Human Surrender does not simply add an aura of mystery to its figures. It behaves more like an apparatus of photographic development. The room comes first. The light comes first. The movement of the lens comes first. Only then do the figures surface from those conditions. We are not merely shown faces, bodies, and entrances. A less visible question has been opened: before someone becomes a figure, what must illuminate them, what position must receive them, and what mode of viewing must permit them to appear?

text: Conventional narrative cinema often assumes that the character is already there. We meet a character, then learn their desires, relations, and actions. Human Surrender delays this recognition from the outset. It does not rush to hand its figures over to the audience or supply them with psychological backgrounds. Space, light, and lens begin working first. The figures seem to be summoned by the room rather than to walk naturally out of an interior life. This distinction determines how the entire film must be watched. It is not enough to ask who appears. We must ask how appearance has been organized.

text: The opening therefore establishes a crucial rule of spectatorship. No sentence in this film can belong entirely to its speaker, and no intimacy can belong entirely to two people. Once a voice leaves the mouth, it enters space. Once a body is developed into view, it enters an orientation. Once a relation becomes visible, it enters the gaze of others. The subject is not something that first possesses itself and is subsequently influenced by the outside. From the moment of appearance, subject and external conditions are produced together.

text: This is the earliest form of what I call the spectralization of the living. There is no ghost, no death, and no overt supernatural event. Spectrality is nevertheless already present: position precedes body, spectatorship precedes selfhood, condition precedes character. A person is seen without thereby possessing their own appearance in full. A sentence is spoken without thereby belonging wholly to the speaker. Like a specter, the person begins to be summoned, distributed, and retained by conditions beyond the self.

text: The first step of this essay is therefore not to define the figures but to acknowledge a more basic fact: in Human Surrender , appearance itself is the problem. People are not introduced but developed into view. They do not move from interiority toward the lens; they acquire provisional form within the joint arrangement of camera, light, orientation, other people, and space. From the beginning, the film forces us to rewrite “Who is this person?” as “Under what conditions does this person become visible?” This is the starting point of the film’s hauntological force.

headingPath: 2. Rehearsal Is Not Preparation but the Return of Unfinished Versions

text: 2. Rehearsal Is Not Preparation but the Return of Unfinished Versions

text: If the opening develops people through orientation and light, Part Two brings them into rehearsal. Rehearsal is conventionally a form of preparation: actors experiment, directors adjust, and the event approaches a finished version. In Human Surrender , rehearsal does not lead toward a completed form cleared of error. It resembles a machine through which unfinished things continually return. A person enters a role and runs back out of it; enters the script and is pulled away by an everyday gesture, an incidental sound, or bodily hesitation; enters an intimate scene and is interrupted again by a door, equipment, system prompts, the reverse side of the camera, and an onlooker.

text: Part Two consequently converts “failure in performance” from a defect into cinematic material. An ordinary production would treat an actor’s inability to perform as a problem requiring correction. Human Surrender permits the problem to remain and deepen. Does the line belong to the character or the actor? Is the gesture required by the script or improvised by the body as an exit? Is the pause a forgotten line, a refusal, or the moment when the live situation suddenly exceeds what performance can bear? The film does not hurry to answer. It retains the vertigo in which figure, character, actor, and event can no longer be separated cleanly.

headingPath: 3. When Language Cannot Prove a Relation, Sensation Becomes the Witness

text: 3. When Language Cannot Prove a Relation, Sensation Becomes the Witness

text: Part Two destabilizes the ownership of action. Part Three carries that instability into the relation itself. Someone says, “I’m here.” Someone says, “I love you.” Such words ought to prove that a relation exists. But if language has already been interrupted too many times by performance, rehearsal, camera, and event, is it still enough? If the other person still cannot feel that they have truly been seen, can language bear the burden of proof alone?

text: The bed is called first. Few spaces seem to offer more immediate evidence of intimacy: proximity, reclining bodies, bodies side by side, lowered voices. Each appears to testify that a relation has been established. Yet the bed in Human Surrender offers no secure intimacy. Sound brings water into it, pressing words such as fish tank, swimming, falling into water, and not knowing how to swim against its surface. The bed ceases to be only a soft place and becomes a body of water without water. A person lies there as though placed inside a form of proof in which they cannot breathe. Intimacy has not disappeared, but it has become unreliable. The closer two people come, the more they resemble figures separated by glass; the more they are together, the more something else is required to prove that “being together” ever took place.

text: Dream, too, leaves the private interior. A dream is usually understood as the most secret theater of the self, but the film lets sound, a fan, song, subtitles, and public space carry it away. Once narrated, translated, and played, the dream no longer belongs only to the dreamer. It becomes public material: audible and open to misunderstanding; usable as testimony and altered by new conditions of spectatorship. Interiority is no final refuge. Even a dream can leave the dreamer and enter the space between people.

text: Here lies the spectrality of Part Three. The specter is not a dead person who suddenly appears, but everything that cannot be proved securely and yet refuses to vanish. Did a relation occur? Was a person truly seen? Does a dream still belong to its dreamer? Did an act of intimacy reach the other person? None of these questions receives a final answer. They keep returning in new bodies: now a bed, now water, now white light, now glasses, now a fan, now a dream. Each return resolves nothing and instead calls for another witness.

headingPath: 4. Making It Public Does Not Make It Clear: The Living Can No Longer Retreat into Themselves

text: 4. Making It Public Does Not Make It Clear: The Living Can No Longer Retreat into Themselves

text: Part Three asks bed, water, white light, body, dream, and game to testify to an unstable relation. Part Four pushes those relations into a public performance. There is an audience, a performance space, materials, lights, microphones, an ongoing sound field, and language repeatedly proposed, interrupted, and carried away. Everything appears finally to have been brought into the open. But Human Surrender never assumes that the open is where truth becomes clear. Being made public means something else: whatever might once have retreated into interiority, into the relation between two people, or behind performance has now lost its route of withdrawal.

text: This is the most forceful moment in Human Surrender ’s spectralization of the living. The specter is not an invisible entity. It is a person who remains visible, present, capable of speech and movement, yet begins to lose the ability to retreat into ownership of the self. The living person has not disappeared, but seems already to have entered an afterlife. Their spacing out is watched by others; their blankness is taken up by others; their skip is retained by the event; their wish for invisibility is preserved by the image; their ending will be processed further by backstage space and credits. The subject remains there, but the subject’s boundary has split.

headingPath: 5. From the Backstage Sound Field to Silence: How Cinema Learns to Stop

text: 5. From the Backstage Sound Field to Silence: How Cinema Learns to Stop

text: Part Four presses people into the position from which departure is most difficult. Spacing out, skipping, blankness, invisibility, and delegated speech can no longer be treated as minor states sealed within a person. The audience hears them, space receives them, and the event continues them. The film might have increased the pressure: further exposure, further interrogation, every pause converted into another performance. Human Surrender does not. At the moment when it could most easily continue to extract, it begins to turn away.

text: The turn is decisive. It is neither evasion nor an abrupt transition into conventional credits. Once the public performance recedes, the film does not immediately become quiet. It changes the place from which events occur. Sound remains. The screen remains. Backstage activity remains. Music remains. Voices that emerge after the closing announcement remain. Earlier, we saw people being pushed before others. Now we begin to hear how the event that placed them there continues to operate after the front of the performance has withdrawn.

text: Backstage space is therefore neither outtake nor appendix, nor material designed to let the audience relax. It is another front of the film. It reminds us that the public event was never limited to the illuminated area onstage. A performance depends on sound, equipment, screen, music, waiting, coordination, announcements, and many people who do not occupy the center of the visible image. Part Four prevents the figures from retreating into themselves. Part Five prevents the event from pretending that it was merely a background.

text: This shift changes the meaning of ending. A performance can be declared over, but the sound of its ending does not end at once. Corrections continue. People still speak. The soundtrack spills over. The event propels what just happened forward by other means. The ending is no longer a closed door but something like an air vent: the heat of the front stage drains through it as backstage voices rise. The film does not make an ending into a clean period. It makes it a transition.

text: If Part Four makes stopping fail, Part Five begins to relearn how to stop. The film no longer hands everything back to public performance for further escalation. It moves from an insistent gaze toward listening, from frontal performance toward a backstage sound field, from the exposure of figures toward the development of conditions. The gesture is restrained and crucial. The film acknowledges that the event has not truly ended, but no longer requires the figures to remain responsible for everything unfinished.

text: The lists, roles, locations, acknowledgments, logos, black screen, and silence that follow belong within this movement. They are neither the paper’s protagonists nor an archival answer capable of explaining everything. They are the film’s last act of arranging the event: who appeared, who performed labor, where it took place, which relations sustained the film, and which spectators formed part of the audience that night. A list is not a method for possessing people. It returns what can be written to a provisional place.

text: The final black screen and silence push this acknowledgment toward its limit. Blackness is not erasure, and silence is not nothing. They reduce the demand: illuminate no more, extract no more, do not force figures, voices, spectators, and interpretations to continue producing. The film writes what can be written, thanks whom it can thank, leaves the marks it can leave, and lets sound recede to a place from which it can no longer interrogate a person.

text: Here Human Surrender makes its most suggestive contribution to death studies. Death appears not only when life ceases, but when the format of existence changes. A person remains alive while being jointly preserved, continued, and distributed by position, rehearsal, sensation, audience, backstage space, and lists. An event has ended while acquiring an afterlife in sounds, names, places, acknowledgments, and silence. What matters most is that the film does not interpret afterlife as unlimited possession. It knows that leaving something behind is not the same as extracting more from it; preservation is not exhaustive explanation; gratitude is not the completion of another person’s sentence.

text: The film’s true ending, then, does not explain the event completely. It knows when to stop possessing. It lets us see how the living become spectral within visibility and how a film may assume an ethical responsibility after participating in that spectralization: not by casting more light, asking another question, or converting another person’s blankness into material, but by acknowledging at last that some things must remain and must not be taken away.

headingPath: 6. Where Hauntology Enters: Not the Return of the Dead but the Living Person’s Loss of Complete Self-Possession

text: 6. Where Hauntology Enters: Not the Return of the Dead but the Living Person’s Loss of Complete Self-Possession

text: Only now can hauntology properly enter the essay. Not because we have located an image that resembles a ghost, nor because the film ends with names, darkness, and silence, but because the film has shown us something more fundamental. A person need not die in order to begin existing spectrally. Once they can no longer possess alone their appearance, speech, silence, dreams, blankness, ending, and mode of preservation, they have entered a spectral condition before death.

text: The ghost is commonly imagined as a dead person who returns, a past that refuses to leave the present, or an unsettled history that repeatedly assumes the form of a shadow. Hauntology matters because it refuses to treat the past as completed. Pasts return. Unfinished events return. Suppressed voices return. What has not been mourned returns. Human Surrender moves the problem one step earlier. If a specter is not only a form taken by the dead but also a state of existence that can no longer be possessed in full, then the living, too, can become spectral.

text: The spectralization of the living does not mean that the film’s figures resemble ghosts, nor does it aestheticize their pain. The term names a split in ownership. The person remains, but “how I appear” is jointly organized by other things. The person continues to speak, while the ownership of speech grows uncertain. The person remains silent, while others hear, interpret, await, or take up that silence. The person tries to depart, while the image may preserve the posture of departure. The specter does not lack a body. The body remains, but can no longer guarantee that the subject owns every meaning it produces.

text: These stages demonstrate that spectralization is not the spectacle of one scene but the film’s total movement. It is not because the film finally produces an archive that ghosts appear. From its first minute, the person’s appearance already belongs to a system larger than the subject. The ending only cools, arranges, and quiets this movement. Spectrality has long been occurring through the orientation of the opening, the failures of rehearsal, sensory proof, public pressure, and backstage echoes.

text: The ethics of Human Surrender lies in its capacity to reveal both the danger of possession and the possibility of ceasing to possess. It does not turn the spectralization of the living into an object theory can explain exhaustively. While position, material, audience, and backstage space repeatedly carry the subject elsewhere, the film also learns at the end to lower its voice. It recognizes that it has already preserved too much, and that further illumination is not deeper understanding. It writes what can be written, offers the acknowledgments it can offer, and gives what cannot be completed to black screen and silence.

text: Hauntology and death studies meet here. Death need not name only the cessation of biological life. It can name a change in the format of existence. A person remains alive, but their voice has become someone else’s memory, their silence an audience’s waiting, their blankness an entrance for another person’s approach, their dream material for public playback, and their name and labor traces in the credits. Life has not ended, but survives in another form beyond the subject.

text: This is afterlife before death . The phrase neither turns the living into the dead nor exaggerates the film’s events into scenes of death. It names a condition of modern visibility in which subjects begin, before biological death, to exist as residues, traces, recordings, offscreen voices, delegated speech, audience memory, and archival marks. The person has not died, but part of them has left the self and entered a world in which others can watch, preserve, misunderstand, replay, and continue to interpret it.

text: The film’s significance consequently exceeds film studies. Contemporary life increasingly equates being seen with recognition, being recorded with preservation, being expressed with being understood, and leaving a trace with avoiding disappearance. Human Surrender does not reject these desires entirely. It compels us to attach a question to each of them. Who sees? Who records? Who expresses whom? Who has the right to continue interpreting? Who knows when to stop? The film offers not an iconography of ghosts but an ethical philosophy of contemporary visibility.

text: Hauntology, as used here, is therefore not a label imposed upon Human Surrender from outside. It is a mode of viewing that the film gradually teaches. The opening teaches us to see the conditions of appearance. Rehearsal teaches us to hear unfinished versions return. The sensory passages teach us to understand a crisis of proof. Public performance teaches us to acknowledge that living people cannot simply retreat into private possession. Backstage sound and silence teach us that the ethics of cinema lies not only in illuminating a person, but in knowing that the illuminated person remains unpossessable.

text: We can now reformulate the paper’s central question. After being seen, can a person still own themselves? The answer offered by Human Surrender is neither a simple no nor a romantic fantasy of recovering complete sovereignty. More precisely, a person never owned the self completely. For that very reason, looking, recording, performance, commemoration, and scholarship must learn a more restrained responsibility. Hauntology here concerns not only how the dead return, but how the living can remain untaken after they have been seen.

headingPath: Conclusion: After Being Seen, the Living Still Must Not Be Taken Away

text: Conclusion: After Being Seen, the Living Still Must Not Be Taken Away

text: We can return now to the sentence at the film’s beginning. Someone says, “I love you,” but the lens does not stop to build a room that belongs to two people alone. It continues to rotate, drawing light, orientation, a third person, the camera operator, and the title into its movement. We can now recognize that this is not simply a stylistic decision. It is the film’s philosophical point of departure. From its first instant, Human Surrender tells us that no intimacy, voice, or appearance issues alone from a perfectly self-sufficient subject.

text: Human Surrender therefore cannot be summarized as a narrative feature or reduced to a film about credits, archives, and backstage material. It unfolds a movement of existence: how a person appears, rehearses, fails, seeks evidence, becomes public, leaves an echo backstage, and is finally preserved without being completely explained through lists, logos, black screen, and silence. Its story does occur, but in places usually hidden by story: in how light makes a person appear, rehearsal makes failure return, sensation testifies in place of language, an audience changes the ownership of a state, backstage space prolongs an ending, and silence prevents further extraction.

text: The answer of Human Surrender is not to stop looking. Nor does the film ask us to reject recording, performance, or preservation. It is more lucid than that. Without looking, many relations cannot occur. Without records, many fragile events will disperse. Without another person taking something up, many failures of language will receive no support. The problem is not seeing but whether seeing turns immediately into possession; not preservation but whether preservation pretends it has understood; not scholarship but whether scholarship knows that some things remain beyond its power to take.

text: This is the ethics of stopping . The film illuminates people without treating illumination as ownership. It develops blankness into view without filling it. It places an audience within the event without making the audience the final judge. It records names, locations, labor, and thanks without pretending the list exhausts what happened. It leaves black screen and silence not because nothing remains to be said, but because continued speech may become another demand. The film’s deepest tenderness is not consolation. It is the final acknowledgment that some things can be seen and still must not be taken.

text: This also explains why Human Surrender , however unfamiliar, is not remote. Its concern is not a minor problem confined to experimental cinema. It is an increasingly ordinary condition of contemporary life. We are filmed, transcribed, archived, screenshotted, preserved, and interpreted; we also turn other people’s speech, expressions, silences, and pain into material that circulates. Modern subjects no longer fear only being forgotten. They must also fear being misrecognized through preservation. Hauntology enters the contemporary not through an ancient ghost but through the living person made excessively visible.

text: The paper’s final proposition is therefore not that Human Surrender contains ghosts, but that the film teaches us to understand the specter differently. Spectrality is not a privilege of absence, nor a form reserved for the dead. The specter can be someone who has been seen, heard, recorded, thanked, named, and preserved, yet still has not been possessed. The specter reminds us that acknowledging a person does not mean explaining them completely; preserving an event does not make it ours; seeing a living person does not grant the right to carry that person away.

text: The opening “I love you,” carried away by the camera, acquires a different weight at the end. It is no longer merely a moment when intimacy is interrupted. It is the first form of the film’s entire problem: I speak words that belong to me, but once spoken they no longer belong only to me. The film does not reject love on that account. It makes love bear its actual risk. Love, looking, recording, scholarship, and remembrance are alike in this respect: only by acknowledging what cannot be possessed might they avoid becoming another form of seizure.

text: This is the unsettling and necessary proposition that Human Surrender leaves to hauntology and death studies: living people do not become spectral only after death. Once visibility prevents them from possessing themselves in full, they have already entered an afterlife before death. This is not a counsel of despair. It calls at once for a better way of looking, a slower interpretation, and a form of preservation that knows when to stop. After being seen, we may no longer own ourselves completely. For precisely that reason, no one else may take us away.

text: Evidence Boundary

text: This paper is a theoretical interpretation of observable formal relations in Human Surrender : camera movement, lighting, rehearsal, dialogue, sensory motifs, public performance, backstage sound, credits, and silence. It does not infer the participants’ private psychology, off-screen relationships, consent, harm, or production responsibility from those forms. “Spectralization of the living” names an analytic condition of visibility and mediation, not a clinical, biographical, or supernatural claim.